How can you examine intersection syndrome via ultrasound? A technical description

Intersection syndrome is an overuse disorder that is often misdiagnosed as De Quervain tenosynovitis and it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of radial wrist pain. Recently, after physical examination for musculoskeletal problems, there has been a surge in interest in ultrasonographic examination among physiatrists. However, no technical description of dynamic ultrasonographic examination can be found in the literature nor in the ultrasound textbooks. In this letter, we describe a technique on how to examine the intersection syndrome with ultrasound.

There are two types of intersection syndrome: Proximal intersection syndrome occurs around the cross-over of first dorsal extensor compartment (abductor pollicis longus [APL] and extensor pollicis brevis [EPB]) and second dorsal extensor compartment (extensor carpi radialis longus [ECRL] and extensor carpi radialis brevis [ECRB]), while distal intersection syndrome occurs at the crossing point of third dorsal extensor compartment (extensor pollicis longus [EPL]) and second dorsal compartment (ECRL and ECRB).[1,2] In proximal intersection syndrome pain, tenderness, swelling and/or crepitus with flexion and extension of the wrist are localized on the radial side of the distal forearm about 4 cm proximal from the Lister's tubercle (LT), while the symptoms in distal intersection syndrome occur at dorsolateral aspect of the hand approximately 1 cm distal to the wrist crease.[3,4] The sonographic findings supporting the diagnosis of intersection syndrome are thickening of the tendons examined, peritendinous fluid, and hypervascularity on Doppler sonography.[4] First, we suggest placing the ultrasound probe so that its orientation marker faces the radial side of the wrist and finding LT of the radius. The compartment which is at the radial side of LT is the second dorsal extensor compartment and the compartment which is at the ulnar side of the LT is the third dorsal extensor compartment. When you move the probe radial to the second dorsal extensor compartment you can easily find the first dorsal extensor compartment. To scan proximal intersection area, the first find second dorsal extensor compartment and move the probe proximally and follow the second compartment you will see that APL and EPB (first dorsal extensor compartment) jumping over it. To examine distal intersection syndrome, similarly, place the ultrasound probe so that its orientation marker faces the radial side of the wrist and find LT then you will see that EPL (third extensor compartment) is found at the ulnar side of LT. Then, start to move the probe distally, until you see the cross-over of EPL over the second compartment (ECRL and ECRB) (Figure 1). Both intersection areas should be evaluated in both transverse and longitudinal scans and the examination should always be performed comparatively.[5]

Figure 1. Dynamic ultrasound examination of intersection syndrome. (Please scan QR code to watch the video).

In conclusion, differential local anesthetic injections may help to support the diagnosis or to differentiate between intersection syndrome and De Quervain syndrome.[6] We believe that finding and examining proximal and distal intersections would also enable and guide therapeutic injections, as well as diagnostic local anesthetic injections that can be performed for differential diagnosis.

Citation: Giray E, Keles Ercisli A, İlleez ÖG, Aktaş İ, Yağcı İ. How can you examine intersection syndrome via ultrasound? A technical description. Arch Rheumatol 2023;38(2):324-325. doi: 10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2023.9830.

Study conception and design: E.G., A.K.E., Ö.G.İ., İ.A., İ.Y.; Data collection and materials: E.G., A.K.E., Ö.G.İ., İ.A., İ.Y; Literature review and control: E.G., A.K.E., Ö.G.İ., İ.A., İ.Y; Analysis and interpretation of results: E.G., A.K.E., Ö.G.İ., İ.A., İ.Y; Writing the article and critical review: E.G., A.K.E., Ö.G.İ., İ.A., İ. References and fundings: E.G., A.K.E., Ö.G.İ., İ.A., İ.Y.

The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

1. Li TY. Unique sonographic presentation of distal intersection syndrome. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 2017;33:428-32. DOI: 10.1177/8756479317721664
2. Sekizkardeş M, Özdemir S, Aydin G, Kara M, Özçakar L. Intersection syndrome revisited: Let's talk much more about it using ultrasound. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018;97:e89. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000891
3. Mattox R, Battaglia PJ, Scali F, Ottolini K, Kettner NW. Distal intersection syndrome progressing to extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture: A case report with sonographic findings. J Ultrasound 2016;20:237-41. DOI: 10.1007/s40477-016-0223-4
4. Sato J, Ishii Y, Noguchi H. Clinical and ultrasound features in patients with intersection syndrome or de Quervain's disease. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2016;41:220-5. DOI: 10.1177/1753193415614267
5. Draghi F, Bortolotto C. Intersection syndrome: Ultrasound imaging. Skeletal Radiol 2014;43:283- 7. DOI: 10.1007/s00256-013-1786-1
6. Adams JE, Habbu R. Tendinopathies of the hand and wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2015;23:741-50. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00216